Standard Test Prosedures Manual
Section :
SOILS
Subject :
STRATIGRAPHIC HOLES
SCOPE
- Description of Test : This method covers the sampling of soils from stratigraphic holes.
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
Equipment
- A suitable drilling rig equipped with a 150 mm auger.
- Suitable bags and sampling containers such as tares to retain the natural moisture
content.
- Munsel color chart.
- Pocket penetrometer
PROCEDURE
- Sampling : Drill stratigraphic holes averaging 1.5 km intervals or less depending upon terrainevaluation, along either hubline. The depth of these holes will be pre-determined by the District Materials Engineer or designate, usually a 13.5 m depth is adequate. Record the hole number, station, offset from centerline as shown in Figure 104-1. Drill continuously until each sample depth is reached then pull the auger up rather than twist it to obtain a good sample. Depths usually tested for moisture content are 0.3, 0.9,1.5m and then every 1.5 m until total depth is reached.Color coding and penetrometer readings may be taken when sampling for moisturecontent. Moisture contents are required for topsoil and sand but no gravel. Use STP 205-3 for moisture contents. Record the above information on Figure 104-1 together with any other pertinent remarks such as depth to water table, and depths at which rocks were encountered in the hole. Also include iron staining, odor from organic material, fossils, etc.The technician will inspect every 0.3 m of material to determine any soil changes. If any change occurs, the depth will be recorded. The Drill Operator can usually detect material changes by noting any changes in the rotational pressure gauge.
- Bagging and Labeling : lace a 3-5 kg sample of each soil type in a paper bag for further testing. Control section, hole number, station, depth and type of material must be written on the bag and written on tag and placed in the bag. If granular material is encountered, take a 4000 g sample every 1.5 m in depth.
RESULTS
- Reporting Results : Complete as shown in Figure 104-1.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
- Additional Testing : This information is required to determine if further testing should be completed. All sample and any material changes should be clearly defined and well documented.
- Geological Soil Symbols : Symbols used for geological soil classification are as follows:
TS - Sutherland Till
TB - Battleford Till
TF - Floral Till
u - Subscript to describe an unoxidized till eg: TFu
o - Subscript to describe an oxidized till eg: TFo
Sl - Silt
CL - Clay
SD - Sand
GR - Gravel
FIGURE 104-1
TYPICAL FORM FOR A STRATIGRAPHIC HOLE
SASKATCHEWAN HIGHWAYS AND TRANSPORTATION
STRATIGRAPHIC HOLE
source : highways.gov.sk.ca
Standard Test Prosedures Manual
Section :
SAMPLING
Subject :
SAMPLING FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES
SCOPE
- Description of Test : This method covers the sampling of coarse and fine aggregates for further testing as requiredaybolt viscosity is expressed in units of furol seconds at a specified temperature.
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
Equipment
- Sampling pan.
- Sample scoop.
- Sample splitter and receptacles.
- Sample bags or containers.
- Sample identification tags.
Number and Masses of Field Samples
The required sample size is based on the type and number of tests to which the material is to be subjected. Amounts specified in Table No. 1 will provide adequate material for routine testing and quality analysis. For routine control, take one sample for every 2 hours of plant production.
TABLE 1
GUIDE FOR SAMPLE SIZE
Samples will be reduced at the laboratory to testing size with the use of a sample splitter or by the quartering method.
Shipping Samples
Transport aggregates in bags or containers that are constructed to prevent loss or contamination of any part of the sample, or damage to the contents from mishandling during shipment. Enclose complete identification with the sample to facilitate reporting of test results.
PROCEDURE
- Sampling from the Conveyor Belt. Obtain at least three approximately equal increments selected at random from the unit or ot being sampled and combine to form a field sample whose mass equals or exceeds the minimum recommended in Table No. 1. Stop the conveyor belt while the sample increments are being obtained. Select a representative section in the middle of the belt. Remove enough material from within the selected section such that the material contained will yield the required
weight. Carefully place all material into a container.
- Sampling from a Flowing Aggregate Stream (Bins or Belt Discharge). Select samples by random method from the production. Sample from belt discharge only when plant is operating at normal capacity. Sample from bin discharge only when bins are nearly full in order to minimize change of obtaining segregated material. Obtain at least three approximately equal increments, at random and combine to form a field sample whose mass equals or exceeds the minimum recommended in Table No. 1. Take each increment from the entire cross section of the material as it is being discharged. For larger plants, a special sampling device may have to be constructed on site in order to accomplish the above requirement. A rail or pivot system should be constructed to convey a sampling pan through the discharge stream at a uniform rate. The pan must be large enough to intercept the entire flow and hold the required amount of sample without over flowing.
- Sampling In Place On Road (Bases and Subbases) . Select sample blocks or areas from completed construction work representing 500 t of production, or in accordance with respective contact specifications. Use a random method to select a representative sample from at least 3 sites within the area to be tested. Combine all 3 samples to form a single field sample that can be reduced as required to the specified size in accordance with the respective contract specifications and test procedures. Clearly mark the specific areas from which the increment is removed. A metal template placed over the area is a definite aid in securing approximately equal increment weights.Take all samples from the roadway for the full depth of the material, taking care to exclude any underlying material.
- Sampling From Windrow . Select sample blocks or areas from completed construction work representing 500 t of production, or in accordance with respective contract specification. Use a random method to select a representative sample from at least 3 sites within the areas to be tested. Combine all 3 samples to form a single field sample that can be reduced as required to the specified size in accordance with the respective contract specifications and test procedures.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Aggregate samples may be taken for one of several reasons such as preliminary investigation of the source of supply, to control the product at the source of supply or to control operations at the site and to accept or reject material.
Sampling is equally as important as the testing and the sampler must use every precaution to obtain samples which will show the true nature and condition of the materials which they represent. Sampling from the initial or final material discharge from a conveyor belt or a bin increases the chances of segregation and should be avoided. The samples are to be taken while the plant is in full operation.
Samples for preliminary investigation testing are obtained by the party responsible for the development of the potential source (e.g. Gravel Investigation). Where practical, samples to be tested for quality should be obtained from the finished product.
source : www.highways.gov.sk.ca
Standard Test Prosedures Manual
Section :
ASPHALT MIXES
Subject :
MARSHALL STABILITY AND FLOW
SCOPE
- Description of Test This method covers the measurement of resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of asphalt mixtures loaded on the lateral surface by means of the Marshall apparatus. This method is for use with mixtures containing asphalt cement, asphalt cutback, and aggregate up to 25.4 mm maximum size.
- Application of Test. The testing section of this method can also be used to obtain maximum load and flow for asphalt concrete specimens cored from pavements or prepared by STP 204-8, Preparation of Marshall Compaction Specimens.
- Units of Measure .Stability is measured in Newtons. Flow is measured in mm
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
Equipment Required
- Breaking Head - the breaking head shall consist of upper and lower cylindrical segments or test heads having an inside radius of curvature of 50.8 mm accurately machined. The lower segment shall be mounted on a base having two perpendicular guide rods or posts extending upward. Guide sleeves in the upper segment shall be in such a position as to direct the two segments together without appreciable binding or lose motion on the guide rods.
- Loading Jack - the loading jack shall consist of a screw jack mounted in a testing frame and shall produce a uniform vertical movement of 50.8 mm/minute. An electric motor may be attached to the jacking mechanism.
- Ring Dynamometer Assembly or Electronic Equivalent - one ring dynamometer of 2267 kg capacity and sensitivity of 4.536 kg up to 453.6 kg and 11.34 kg between 453.6 and 2267 kg shall be equipped with a micrometer dial. The micrometer dial shall be graduated in 0.0025 mm. Upper and lower ring dynamometer attachments are required for fastening the ring dynamometer to the testing frame and transmitting the load to the breaking head.
- Flowmeter - the flowmeter shall consist of a guide sleeve and a gauge. The activating pin of the gauge shall slide inside the guide sleeve with a slight amount of frictional resistance. The guide sleeve shall slide freely over the guide rod of the breaking head. The flowmeter gauge shall be adjusted to zero when placed in position on the breaking head when each individual test specimen is inserted between the breaking head segments.
- Water Bath - the water bath shall be at least 152 mm deep and shall be thermostatically controlled so as to maintain the bath at 60 ± 1o C. The tank shall have a perforated false bottom or be equipped with a shelf for supporting specimens 51 mm above the bottom of the bath.
- Air Bath - the air bath for asphalt cutback mixtures shall be thermostatically controlled and shall maintain the air temperature at 25 ± 1o C
Materials Required
- Samples may include cored specimens, field or lab prepared specimens
Sample to be Tested
- Density of the specimen is required to obtain the volume for a correlation ratio. Density can be determined as outlined in STP 204-21, DENSITY AND VOID CHARACTERISTICS.
PROCEDURE :
Equipment Preparation
Thoroughly clean the guide rods and the inside surfaces of the test heads prior to making the test, and lubricate the guide rods so that the upper test head slides freely over them.
Sample Preparation
Samples will be prepared in accordance with STP 204-8, Preparation of Marshall Compaction Specimens or collected in accordance with STP 204-5, Asphalt Concrete Samples Obtained by Coring.
Test Procedure
Bring the specimens prepared with asphalt cement to the specified temperature by immersing in a water bath 30 minutes. Maintain the bath or oven temperature at 60 ± 1o C for asphalt cement specimens. Bring the specimens prepared with asphalt cutback to the specified temperature by placing them in the air bath for a minimum of 2 hours. Maintain the air bath temperature at 25 ± 1o C. The testing head temperature shall be maintained between 20 to 38o C. Remove the specimen from the water bath, oven or air bath and place in the lower segment at the breaking head. Place the upper segment of the breaking head on the specimen and place the complete assembly in position on the testing machine. Place the flowmeter, where used, in position over one of the guide rods and adjust the flowmeter to zero while holding the sleeve firmly against the upper segment of the breaking head.
Hold the flowmeter sleeve firmly against the upper segment of the breaking head while the test load is being applied. Apply the load to the specimen by means of the constant rate of movement of the load jack or testing machine head of 50.8 mm/minute until the maximum load is reached and the load decreases as indicated by the dial. Record the maximum load noted on the testing machine or converted from the maximum micrometer dial reading. Release the flowmeter sleeve or note the micrometer dial reading, where used, the instant the maximum load begins to decrease. Note and record the indicated flow value or equivalent units in mm if a micrometer dial is used to measure the flow. The elapsed time for the test from removal of the test specimen from the water bath to the maximum load determinations shall not exceed 30 seconds.
RESULTS & CALCULATIONS
Collection of Test Results
For specimens other than 63.5 mm in thickness correct the load by using the proper multiplying factor from Table 1. The reports shall include the following information:
- Type of sample tested (lab sample or pavement core specimen). For core specimens the height of each test specimen in mm shall be reported.
- Average maximum load in newtons, corrected when required.
- Average flow value in millimetres.
- Test temperature
TABLE 1 - Stability Correlation Ratios*
Volume of Specimen Thickness of Specimen Correlation Ratio
(cm3) (mm)
200 to 213 25.4 5.56
214 to 225 27.0 5.00
225 to 237 28.6 4.55
238 to 250 30.2 4.17
251 to 264 31.8 3.85
265 to 276 33.3 3.57
277 to 289 34.9 3.33
290 to 301 36.5 3.03
302 to 316 38.1 2.78
317 to 328 39.7 2.50
329 to 340 41.3 2.27
341 to 353 42.9 2.08
354 to 367 44.4 1.92
368 to 379 46.0 1.79
380 to 392 47.6 1.67
393 to 405 49.2 1.56
406 to 420 50.8 1.47
421 to 431 52.4 1.39
432 to 443 54.0 1.32
444 to 456 55.6 1.25
457 to 470 57.2 1.19
471 to 482 58.7 1.14
483 to 495 60.3 1.09
496 to 508 61.9 1.04
509 to 522 63.5 1.00
523 to 535 64.0 0.96
536 to 546 65.1 0.93
547 to 559 66.7 0.89
560 to 573 68.3 0.86
574 to 585 71.4 0.83
586 to 598 73.0 0.81
599 to 610 74.6 0.78
611 to 625 76.2 0.76
The measured stability of a specimen multiplied by the ratio for the thickness of the specimen equals the corrected stability for a 63.5 mm specimen.
